The Cultural Heritage Studies Program expects project proposals both in the field of academic research and in heritage related policy or management and also the combination of these. Suggested structure for the proposal 1. Introduction In order to draw the attention to Aug 31, · A case study research paper examines a person, place, event, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. A case study research paper Author: Robert V. Labaree The research proposal is a summary of the plan you are contemplating for carr ying out in the form. of a dissertation - by making you put it down into a standard format and r equiring you to Estimated Reading Time: 7 mins
Proposals - History and American Studies
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings, a historical research proposal case study.
The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research.
Based on our experiences of conducting several health-related case studies, we reflect on the different types of case study design, the specific research questions this approach can help answer, the data sources that tend to be used, and the particular advantages and disadvantages of employing this methodological approach. The paper concludes with key pointers to aid those designing and appraising proposals for conducting case study research, and a checklist to help readers assess the quality of case study reports.
The case study approach is particularly useful to employ when there is a need to obtain an in-depth appreciation of an issue, a historical research proposal case study, event or phenomenon of interest, in its natural real-life context.
Our aim in writing this piece is to provide insights into when to consider employing this approach and an overview of key methodological considerations in relation to the design, planning, analysis, interpretation and reporting of case studies, a historical research proposal case study. The illustrative 'grand round', 'case report' and 'case series' have a long tradition in clinical practice and research.
Presenting detailed critiques, typically of one or more patients, aims to provide insights into aspects of the clinical case and, in doing so, illustrate broader lessons that may be learnt. In research, the conceptually-related case study approach can be used, for example, to describe in detail a patient's a historical research proposal case study of care, explore professional attitudes to and experiences of a new policy initiative or service development or more generally to 'investigate contemporary phenomena within its real-life context' [ 1 ].
Based on our experiences of conducting a range of case studies, we reflect on when to consider using this approach, discuss the key steps involved and illustrate, with examples, some of the practical challenges of attaining an in-depth understanding of a 'case' as an integrated a historical research proposal case study. In keeping with previously published work, we acknowledge the importance of theory to underpin the design, selection, conduct and interpretation of case studies[ 2 ].
In so doing, we make passing reference to the different epistemological approaches used in case study research by key theoreticians and methodologists in this field of enquiry. This paper is structured around the following main questions: What is a case study? What are case studies used a historical research proposal case study How are case studies conducted? What are the potential pitfalls and how can these be avoided? Example of a case study investigating the reasons for differences in recruitment rates of minority ethnic people in asthma research[ 3 ].
Example of a case study investigating the process of planning and implementing a service in Primary Care Organisations[ 4 ], a historical research proposal case study. Example of a case study investigating the introduction of the electronic health records[ 5 ]. Example of a case study investigating the formal and informal ways students learn about patient safety[ 6 ]. A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context.
It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. It is for this reason sometimes referred to as a "naturalistic" design; this is in contrast to an "experimental" design such as a randomised controlled trial in which the investigator seeks to exert control over and manipulate the variable s of interest.
Stake's work has been particularly influential in defining the case study approach to scientific enquiry. He has helpfully characterised three main types of case study: intrinsicinstrumental and collective [ 8 ], a historical research proposal case study.
An intrinsic case study is typically undertaken to learn about a unique phenomenon. The researcher should define the uniqueness of the phenomenon, which distinguishes it from all others. In contrast, the instrumental case study uses a particular case some of which may be better than others to gain a broader appreciation of an issue or phenomenon.
The a historical research proposal case study case study involves studying multiple cases simultaneously or sequentially in an attempt to generate a still broader appreciation of a particular issue. These are however not necessarily mutually exclusive categories. According to Yin, case studies can be used to explain, describe or explore events or phenomena in the everyday contexts in which they occur[ 1 ].
In contrast to experimental designs, which seek to test a specific hypothesis through deliberately manipulating the environment like, for example, in a randomised controlled trial giving a new drug to randomly selected individuals and then comparing outcomes with controls ,[ 9 ] the case study approach lends itself well to capturing information on more explanatory ' how ', 'what' and ' why ' questions, such as ' how is the intervention being implemented and received on the ground?
The case study approach can offer additional insights into what gaps exist in its delivery or why one implementation strategy might be chosen over another. Or whether the wish is to obtain a more naturalistic understanding of an issue?
The former is ideally studied using a controlled experimental design, whereas the latter is more appropriately studied using a case study design. Whilst such a schema can be conceptually helpful, it may be appropriate to draw on more than one approach in any case study, particularly in the context of conducting health services research. Doolin has, for example, noted that in the context of undertaking interpretative case studies, researchers can usefully draw on a critical, reflective perspective which seeks to take into account the wider social and political environment that has shaped the case[ 11 ].
Here, we focus on the main stages of research activity when planning and undertaking a case study; the crucial stages are: defining the case; selecting the case s ; collecting and analysing the data; interpreting data; and reporting the findings.
Carefully formulated research question sinformed by the existing literature and a prior appreciation of the theoretical issues and setting sare all important in appropriately and succinctly defining the case[ 812 ]. Crucially, each case should have a pre-defined boundary which clarifies the nature and time period covered by the case study i.
A theory driven approach to defining the case may help generate knowledge a historical research proposal case study is potentially transferable to a range of clinical contexts and behaviours; using theory is also likely to result in a more informed appreciation of, for example, how and why interventions have succeeded or failed[ 13 ]. Example of a checklist for rating a case study proposal[ 8 ].
Our focus was on how the technology was being implemented. However, if the primary research interest had been on the social and organisational dimensions of implementation, we might have defined our case differently as a grouping of healthcare professionals e. The precise beginning and end of the case may however prove difficult to define.
Pursuing this same example, when does the process of implementation and adoption of an electronic health record system really begin or end? Such judgements will inevitably be influenced by a range of factors, including the research question, theory of interest, the scope and richness of the gathered data and the resources available to the research team.
The decision on how to select the case s to study is a very important one that merits some reflection. In an intrinsic case study, the case is selected on its own merits[ 8 ].
The case is selected not because it is representative of other cases, but because of its uniqueness, which is of genuine interest to the researchers. In another example of an intrinsic case study, Hellstrom et al. For an instrumental case study, selecting a "typical" case can work well[ 8 ].
In contrast to the intrinsic case study, the particular case which is chosen is of less importance than selecting a case that allows the researcher to investigate an issue or phenomenon. For example, in order to gain an understanding of doctors' responses to health policy initiatives, Som undertook an instrumental case study interviewing clinicians who had a range of responsibilities for clinical governance in one NHS acute hospital trust[ 17 ].
Sampling a "deviant" or "atypical" case may however prove even more informative, potentially enabling the researcher to identify causal processes, generate hypotheses and develop theory.
In collective or multiple case studies, a number of cases are carefully selected. Choosing a "typical" case may enable the findings to be generalised to theory i.
analytical generalisation or to test theory by replicating the findings in a second or even a third case i. replication a historical research proposal case study [ 1 ]. Yin suggests two or three literal replications i. predicting similar results if the theory is straightforward and five or more if the theory is more subtle. However, critics might argue that selecting 'cases' in this way is insufficiently reflexive and ill-suited to the complexities of contemporary healthcare organisations.
The selected case study site s should allow the research team access to the group of individuals, a historical research proposal case study, the organisation, the processes or whatever else constitutes the chosen unit of analysis for the study.
Access is therefore a central consideration; the researcher needs to come to know the case study site s well and to work cooperatively with them. Selected cases need to be not only interesting but also hospitable to the inquiry [ 8 ] if they are to be informative and answer the research question s.
Case study sites may also be pre-selected for the researcher, with decisions being influenced by key stakeholders. This prominent stakeholder had already selected the NHS sites through a competitive bidding process to be early adopters of the electronic health record systems a historical research proposal case study had negotiated contracts that detailed the deployment timelines.
It is also important to consider in advance the likely burden and risks associated with participation for those who or the site s which comprise the case study. Of particular importance is the obligation for the researcher to think through the ethical implications of the study e. The outcome of providing this information might be a historical research proposal case study the emotive burden associated with participation, or the organisational disruption associated with supporting the fieldwork, is considered so high that the individuals or sites decide against participation.
In our example of evaluating implementations of electronic health record systems, given the restricted number of early adopter sites available to us, we sought purposively to select a diverse range of implementation cases among those that were available[ 5 ].
We chose a mixture of teaching, non-teaching and Foundation Trust hospitals, and examples of each of the three electronic health record systems procured centrally by the NPfIT. At one recruited site, a historical research proposal case study, it quickly became apparent that access was problematic because of competing demands on that organisation. Recognising the importance of full access and co-operative working for generating a historical research proposal case study data, the research team decided not to pursue work at that site and instead to focus on other recruited sites.
In order a historical research proposal case study develop a thorough understanding of the case, the case study approach usually involves the collection of multiple sources of evidence, using a range of quantitative e, a historical research proposal case study.
questionnaires, audits and analysis of routinely collected healthcare data and more commonly qualitative techniques e. interviews, focus groups and observations. The use of multiple sources of data data triangulation has been advocated as a way of increasing the internal validity of a study i. the extent to which the method is appropriate to answer the research question [ 818 - 21 ].
Brazier and colleagues used a mixed-methods case study approach to investigate the impact of a cancer care programme[ 22 ]. Here, a historical research proposal case study, quantitative measures were collected with questionnaires before, and five months after, the start of the intervention which did not yield any statistically significant results.
Qualitative interviews with patients however helped provide an insight into potentially beneficial process-related aspects of the programme, such as greater, perceived patient involvement in care. The authors reported how this case study approach provided a number of contextual factors likely to influence the effectiveness of the intervention and which were not likely to have been obtained from quantitative methods alone.
In collective or multiple case studies, data collection needs to be flexible enough to allow a detailed description of each individual case to be developed e. the nature of different cancer care programmesbefore considering the emerging similarities and differences in cross-case comparisons e.
to explore why one programme is more effective than another. It is important that data sources from different cases are, where possible, broadly comparable for this purpose even though they may vary in nature and depth. Making sense and offering a coherent interpretation of the typically disparate sources of data whether qualitative alone or together with quantitative is far from straightforward.
Repeated reviewing and sorting of the voluminous and detail-rich data are integral to the process of analysis. In collective case studies, it is helpful to analyse data relating to the individual component cases first, before making comparisons across cases. Attention needs to be paid to variations within each case and, where relevant, the relationship between different causes, effects and outcomes[ 23 ].
Data will need to be organised and coded to allow the key issues, both derived from the literature and emerging from the dataset, to be easily retrieved at a later stage. An initial coding frame can help capture these issues and can be applied systematically to the whole dataset with the aid of a qualitative data analysis software package. Theoretical frameworks may also play an important role in integrating different sources of data and examining emerging themes.
Case study findings can have implications both for theory development and theory testing. They may establish, strengthen or weaken historical explanations of a case and, in certain circumstances, a historical research proposal case study, allow theoretical as opposed to statistical generalisation beyond the particular cases studied[ 12 ].
These theoretical lenses should not, however, constitute a strait-jacket and the cases should not be "forced to fit" the particular theoretical framework that is being employed.
Historical research presentation
, time: 5:22Research Proposal Sample Case Study Solution and Analysis of Harvard Case Studies
The research proposal is a summary of the plan you are contemplating for carr ying out in the form. of a dissertation - by making you put it down into a standard format and r equiring you to Estimated Reading Time: 7 mins Research Proposal: A case study: Low volume production in manufacturing companies and its impacts on the buyer-supplier relationship. MBA Project Research topic area: Operations, Logistic and supply chain management December / Word count: Table of Contents blogger.comted Reading Time: 12 mins STEP 6: Porter’s Five Forces/ Strategic Analysis Of The Research Proposal Sample Case Study: To analyze the structure of a company and its corporate strategy, Porter’s five forces model is used. In this model, five forces have been identified which play an important part in shaping the market and industry
No comments:
Post a Comment