The Bell Curve Thesis Blames Poverty On, Printable Writing Template, Cite Sources Research Paper, Iago Essay Plan We know how important it is to craft papers that are not only extremely well-written and deeply researched but also % original/10() Bell Curve Thesis efforts to see how moving families from high-poverty to low-poverty communities might affect parental employment, children's outcomes, and a host of other factors. James Rosenbaum's study of the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program and the Moving to Opportunity study Apr 12, · "The Bell Curve" (co-authored with Richard Herrnstein) prevails as the flagship modern work reporting on racial differences in IQ score. Black people in the U.S. score lower on average than white
Human Intelligence: The Bell Curve
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is a book by psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murrayin which the authors argue that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and that it is a better predictor of many personal outcomes, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlockand involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status.
They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence, and that this separation is a source of social division within the United States. The book was and remains highly controversial, bell curve thesis poverty, especially where the authors discussed purported connections between race and intelligence and suggested policy implications based on these purported connections.
Shortly after its publication, many people rallied both in criticism and in defense of the book. A number of critical texts were written in response to it. The Bell Curvepublished inwas written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray to explain the variations in intelligence in American society, warn of some consequences of that variation, and propose social policies for mitigating the worst of the consequences.
The book's title comes from the bell-shaped normal distribution of intelligence quotient IQ scores in a population. The book starts with an introduction that appraises the history of the concept of intelligence from Francis Galton to modern times. Spearman's introduction of the general factor of intelligence and other early advances in research on intelligence are discussed along with a consideration of links between intelligence testing and racial politics.
The s are identified as the period in American history when social problems were increasingly attributed to forces outside the individual. This egalitarian ethos, bell curve thesis poverty, Herrnstein and Murray argue, cannot accommodate biologically based individual differences. The introduction states six of the authors' assumptions, which they claim to be "beyond significant technical dispute": [2].
At the close of the introduction, the authors warn the reader against committing the ecological fallacy of inferring things about individuals based on the bell curve thesis poverty data presented in the book. They also assert that intelligence is just one of many valuable human attributes and one whose importance among human virtues is overrated.
In the first part of the book Herrnstein and Murray chart bell curve thesis poverty American society was transformed in the bell curve thesis poverty century. They argue that America evolved from a society where social origin largely determined one's social status to one where cognitive ability is the leading determinant of status.
The growth in college attendance, a more efficient recruitment of cognitive ability, and the sorting of cognitive ability by selective colleges are bell curve thesis poverty as important drivers of this evolution. Increased occupational sorting by cognitive ability is discussed, bell curve thesis poverty.
The argument is made, based on published meta-analyses, that cognitive ability is the best predictor of worker productivity. Herrnstein and Murray argue that due to increasing returns to cognitive ability, a cognitive elite is being formed in America. This elite is getting richer and progressively more segregated from the rest of society. The second part describes how cognitive ability is related to social behaviors: high ability predicts socially desirable behavior, low ability undesirable bell curve thesis poverty. The argument is made that group differences in social outcomes are better explained by intelligence differences rather than socioeconomic status, a perspective, bell curve thesis poverty, the authors argue, that has been neglected in research.
The analyses reported in this part of the book were done using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth NLSYa study conducted by the United States Department of Labor 's Bureau of Labor Statistics tracking thousands of Americans starting in the s.
Only non-Hispanic whites are included in the analyses so as to demonstrate that the relationships between cognitive ability and social behavior are not driven by race or ethnicity.
Herrnstein and Murray argue that intelligence is a better predictor of individuals' outcomes than parental socioeconomic status. This argument is based on analyses where individuals' IQ scores are shown to better predict their outcomes as adults than the socioeconomic status of their parents. Such results are reported for many outcomes, including poverty, dropping out of school, unemployment, marriage, divorce, illegitimacy, welfare dependency, criminal offending, and the probability of voting in elections.
All participants in the NLSY took the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ASVABbell curve thesis poverty, a battery of ten tests taken by all who apply for entry into the armed services.
Some had taken an IQ test in high school, and the median correlation of the Armed Forces Qualification Test AFQT scores and those IQ test scores was. Participants were later evaluated for social and economic outcomes. Similarly, after statistically controlling for differences in IQ, many outcome differences between racial-ethnic groups disappeared.
Values are the percentage of each IQ sub-population, bell curve thesis poverty, among non-Hispanic whites only, fitting each descriptor.
This part of the book discusses ethnic differences in cognitive ability and social behavior. Herrnstein and Murray report that Asian Americans have a higher mean IQ than white Americans, who in turn outscore black Americans. The book argues that the black-white gap is not due to test bias, noting that IQ tests do not tend to underpredict the school or job performance of black individuals and that the gap is larger on apparently culturally neutral test items than on more culturally loaded items.
The authors also note that adjusting for socioeconomic bell curve thesis poverty does not eliminate the black-white IQ gap. However, they argue that the gap is narrowing, bell curve thesis poverty. According to Herrnstein and Murray, the high heritability of IQ within races does not necessarily mean that the cause of differences between races is genetic.
On the other hand, they discuss lines of evidence that have been used to support the thesis that the black-white gap is at least partly genetic, such as Spearman's hypothesis. They also discuss possible environmental explanations of the gap, such as the observed generational increases in IQ, for which they coin the term Flynn effect, bell curve thesis poverty. At the close of this discussion, they write: [1].
If the reader is now convinced that either the genetic or environmental explanation has won out to the exclusion of the other, we have not done a sufficiently good job of presenting one side or the other. It seems highly likely to us that both genes and environment have something to do with racial differences, bell curve thesis poverty. What might the mix be? We are resolutely agnostic on that issue; as far as we can determine, the evidence does not yet justify an estimate.
The authors also stress that regardless of the causes of differences, people should be treated no differently. In Part III, the authors also repeat many of the analyses from Part II, but now compare whites to blacks and Hispanics in the NLSY dataset. They find that after controlling for IQ, many differences in social outcomes between races are diminished. The authors discuss the possibility that high birth rates among those with lower IQs may exert a downward pressure on the national distribution of cognitive ability, bell curve thesis poverty.
They argue that immigration may also have a similar effect. At the close of Part III, Herrnstein and Murray discuss the relation of IQ to social problems, bell curve thesis poverty.
Using the NLSY data, they argue that social problems are a monotonically decreasing function of IQ, [1] in other words at lower IQ scores the frequency of social problems increases. In this final chapter, the authors discuss the relevance of cognitive ability for understanding major bell curve thesis poverty issues in America.
Evidence for experimental attempts to raise intelligence is reviewed. The authors conclude that currently there are no means to boost intelligence by more than a modest degree. The authors criticize the "levelling" of general and secondary education and defend gifted education. They offer a critical overview of affirmative action policies in colleges and workplaces, arguing that their goal should be equality of opportunity rather than equal outcomes.
Herrnstein and Murray offer a pessimistic portrait of America's future. They predict that a cognitive bell curve thesis poverty will further isolate itself from the rest of society, while the quality of life deteriorates for those at the bottom of the cognitive scale.
As an antidote to this prognosis, they offer a vision of society where differences in ability are recognized and everybody can have a valued place, bell curve thesis poverty, stressing the role of local communities and clear moral rules that apply to everybody. Herrnstein and Murray argued the average genetic IQ of the United States is declining, owing to the tendency of the more intelligent having fewer children than the less intelligent, bell curve thesis poverty, the generation length to be shorter for the less intelligent, and the large-scale immigration to the United States of bell curve thesis poverty with low intelligence.
Discussing a possible future political outcome of an intellectually stratified society, the authors stated that they "fear that a new kind of conservatism is becoming the dominant ideology of the affluent—not in the social tradition of an Edmund Burke or in the economic tradition of an Adam Smith but 'conservatism' along Latin American lines, where to be conservative has often meant doing whatever is necessary to preserve the mansions on the hills from the menace of the slums below.
The authors recommended the elimination of welfare policies which they claim encourage poor women to have babies. The Bell Curve received a great deal of media attention. The book was not distributed in advance to the media, except for a few select reviewers picked by Murray and the publisher, which delayed more detailed critiques for months and years after the book's release.
A article by Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting writer Jim Naureckas criticized the media response, saying that "While many of these discussions included sharp criticisms of the book, media accounts showed a disturbing tendency to accept Murray and Herrnstein's premises and evidence even while debating their conclusions".
After reviewers had more time to review the book's research and conclusions, more significant criticisms begin to appear. Herrnstein and Murray did not submit their work to peer review before publication, an omission many have seen as incompatible with their presentation of it as a scholarly text. Fifty-two professors, most of them researchers in intelligence and related fields, signed " Mainstream Science on Intelligence ", [12] an opinion statement endorsing a number of the views presented in The Bell Curve.
The statement was written by psychologist Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal in and subsequently reprinted in Intelligencebell curve thesis poverty, an academic journal.
Of the who were invited by mail to sign the document, responded, with 52 agreeing to sign and 48 declining. Eleven of the 48 who declined to sign claimed that the statement or some part thereof did not represent the mainstream view of intelligence.
In response to the controversy surrounding The Bell Curvethe American Psychological Association 's Board of Scientific Affairs established a special task force chaired by Ulric Neisser to publish an investigative report focusing solely on the research presented in the book, not necessarily the policy recommendations that were made. The report, " Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns ", was first released in and published in American Psychologist in The cause of that differential is not known; it is apparently not due to any simple form bell curve thesis poverty bias in the content or administration of the tests themselves.
The Flynn effect shows that environmental factors can produce differences of at least this magnitude, but that effect is mysterious in its own right. There is even less empirical support for a genetic interpretation. In short, no adequate explanation of the differential between the IQ means of Blacks and Whites is presently available. The APA bell curve thesis poverty that published the statement, American Psychologistsubsequently published eleven critical responses in January Many criticisms were collected in the book The Bell Curve Debate.
Stephen Jay Gould wrote that the "entire argument" of the authors of The Bell Curve rests on four unsupported, and mostly false, assumptions about intelligence: [9] [16], bell curve thesis poverty. In a interview with Frank Miele of SkepticMurray denied making each of these four assumptions. The Nobel Memorial Prize -winning economist James Heckman considers two assumptions made in the book to be questionable: that g accounts for correlation across test scores and performance in society, and that g cannot be manipulated.
Heckman's reanalysis of the evidence used in The Bell Curve found contradictions:. In response, Murray argued that this was a straw man and that the book does not argue that g or IQ are totally immutable or the only factors affecting outcomes.
In a interview, Heckman praised The Bell Curve for breaking "a taboo by showing that differences in ability existed and predicted a variety of socioeconomic outcomes" and for playing "a very important role in raising the issue of differences in ability and their importance" and stated that he was "a bigger fan of [ The Bell Curve ] than you might think.
InNoam Bell curve thesis povertyone of the founders of the field of cognitive sciencedirectly criticized the book and its assumptions on IQ. Chomsky gives the example of women wearing earrings :. To borrow an example from Ned Block"some years ago when only women wore earrings, the heritability of having an earring was high because differences in whether a person had an earring was due to a chromosomal difference, XX vs.
He goes on to say there is almost no evidence of a genetic link, and greater evidence that environmental issues are what determine IQ bell curve thesis poverty. Claude S. FischerMichael Houtbell curve thesis poverty, Martín Sánchez Jankowski, Samuel R.
Bell curve thesis poverty, Ann Swidlerand Kim Voss in the book Inequality by Design recalculated the effect of socioeconomic status, using the same variables as The Bell Curvebut weighting them differently. They found that if IQ scores are adjusted, as Herrnstein and Murray did, to eliminate the effect of educationthe ability of IQ to predict poverty can become dramatically larger, by as much as 61 percent for whites and 74 percent for blacks. According to the authors, Herrnstein and Murray's finding that IQ predicts poverty much better than socioeconomic status is substantially a result of the way they handled the statistics.
In AugustNational Bureau of Economic Research economist Sanders Korenman and Harvard University sociologist Christopher Winship argued that measurement error was not properly handled by Herrnstein and Murray. Korenman and Winship concluded: "
Charles Murray: Why America is Coming Apart Along Class Lines
, time: 34:46Why is poverty in the US so persistent? | Soc – Social Welfare
The bell curve thesis is one attempt to explain the disproportionate wealth and socioeconomic status enjoyed by whites vis a vis non-whites. Smarter people are more successful, basically, and whites on average are ‘smarter’ (score higher on IQ tests) Bell Curve Thesis efforts to see how moving families from high-poverty to low-poverty communities might affect parental employment, children's outcomes, and a host of other factors. James Rosenbaum's study of the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program and the Moving to Opportunity study Working Bell Curve Thesis Poverty with this service is a pleasure. Their Support is real people, and they are always friendly and supportive. I had a problem with my payment once, and it took them like 5 mins to solve it. Bell Curve Thesis Poverty Their writers are also pretty cool. They write quality papers, and you can actually chat with them /10()
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